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Vice President for Publishing, NEJM Group
Christopher R. Lynch
Education Editor, NEJM Group
Ole-Petter Riksfjord Hamnvik, MB BCh BAO, MMSc
Founding Editor
Graham T. McMahon, MD, MMSc
Internal Medicine Board Review Editors
Deputy Reviewers
Allan S. Brett, MD
Patricia A. Kritek, MD, EdM
C. Christopher Smith, MD
Associate Reviewers
Daniel P. Hunt, MD
Stephen Joseph Huot, MD, PhD
Sylvia Cheney McKean, MD
Stuart B. Mushlin, MD
Daniel Randall, MD, MPH
Pediatrics Board Review Editors
Senior Reviewers
Deborah Lehman, MD
Shannon E. Scott-Vernaglia, MD
Family Medicine Board Review Editors
Senior Reviewer
Mark T. Nadeau, MD, MBA, FAAFP
Deputy Reviewer
Paul Gordon, MD
Associate Reviewers
Frank J. Domino, MD
Alan Ehrlich, MD
Caroline R. Richardson, MD
Pain Management and Opioids Editors
Senior Reviewer
Daniel P. Alford, MD, MPH
Section Editors
Cardiology Michael D. White, MD | Pulmonology Patricia A. Kritek, MD, EdM | Infectious Disease Rajesh T. Gandhi, MD | |
Gastroenterology Sharmeel K. Wasan, MD | Endocrinology Melissa Cavaghan, MD | Rheumatology Jonathan S. Hausmann, MD | |
Hematology Nathan Connell, MD | Oncology Dan L. Longo, MD | Nephrology/Urology Melanie P. Hoenig, MD Ruslan Korets, MD | |
Neurology Ethan G. Brown, MD | Psychiatry Michael Craig Miller, MD | Dermatology Kelly M. Cordoro, MD | |
Allergy/Immunology Rebecca Gruchalla, MD, PhD | Otolaryngology David M. Vernick, MD | OB/GYN Megan J. Bray, MD | |
Ophthalmology Mitchell Strominger, MD | Pain Management and Opioids Mihir M. Kamdar, MD Anna Lembke, MD | Sports Medicine Mark D. Price, MD, PhD | |
Research/Statistics Brian C. Healy, PhD | General Pediatrics Brett W. Robbins, MD John I. Takayama, MD, MPH Lori J. Wan, MD | Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Steven Schlozman, MD | |
Pediatric Allergy/Immunology and Infectious Disease Diana S. Balekian, MD, MPH Deborah Lehman, MD | Pediatric Ophthalmology Mitchell Strominger, MD | Pediatric Dermatology Kimberly A. Horii, MD | |
Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Rebecca Bell, MD, MPH Anna K. Weiss, MD, MSEd | Neonatal Medicine Katherine A. Sparger, MD | Pediatric Metabolic Disorders and Genetics Amy E. Roberts, MD Raymond Y. Wang, MD | |
Pediatric Nephrology/Urology Deborah R. Stein, MD | Pediatric Pulmonology Benjamin A. Nelson, MD | Pediatric Ethics, Research, Safety, and Quality Brian M. Cummings, MD | |
Pediatric Gastroenterology Christopher J. Moran, MD | Pediatric Neurology Jason T. Lerner, MD | Pediatric Endocrinology Vaneeta Bamba, MD | |
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Julia Anna Wolfson, MD, MSHS | Pediatric Cardiology Leigh C. Reardon, MD | Pediatric Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Ezra M. Cohen, MD | |
Adolescent Medicine Shannon L. Fitzgerald, MD, MPH | Pediatric Otolaryngology Nina Shapiro, MD |
Additional Content Reviewers
Martha E. Billings, MD (Sleep Medicine)
Richa Chibbar, MD (Gastroenterology)
Jean M. Connors, MD (Hematology)
Kimberly W. Keefe, MD (Reproductive Endocrinology)
Tia Kostas, MD (Geriatrics)
Sarah Little, MD (Obstetrics)
Lachelle D. Weeks, MD, PhD (Hematology/Oncology)
Past Editors
Alexander M. Djuricich, MD (Education Editor, 2016)
Thomas M. Best, MD, PhD (Sports Medicine, 2014–2016)
John Betjemann, MD (Neurology, 2015–2016)
Vincent W. Chiang, MD (Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 2014–2020)
Joanne E. Cox, MD (Pediatrics, 2014)
Michael Furman Greene, MD (OB/GYN, 2013–2014)
Manu Hegde, MD, PhD (Neurology, 2016–2019)
James V. Hennessey, MD (Endocrinology, 2013–2016)
L. David Hillis, MD (Cardiology, 2013–2014)
Donald M. Hilty, MD (Psychiatry, 2013)
S. Andrew Josephson, MD (Neurology, 2013–2015)
Amel Karaa, MD (Pediatric Metabolic Diseases/Genetics, 2017–2019)
Richard A. Lange, MD, MBA (Cardiology, 2013–2014)
Paul A. Monach, MD (Rheumatology, 2013–2015)
Alan C. Moss, MD (Gastroenterology, 2015–2019)
Anju Nohria, MD (Cardiology, 2015)
Timothy T. Nostrant, MD (Gastroenterology, 2013–2015)
Judith S. Palfrey, MD (Pediatrics, 2014)
Arturo P. Saavedra, MD, PhD, MBA (Dermatology, 2013–2015)
Srinath Sanda, MD (Pediatric Endocrinology, 2017–2018)
Paul E. Sax, MD (Infectious Disease, 2013)
Bradford J. Shingleton, MD (Ophthalmology, 2013–2017)
Kaveh G. Shojania, MD (Patient Safety, 2014–2019)
Derrick J. Todd, MD, PhD (Rheumatology, 2015–2020)
Andrew A. Wagner, MD (Urology, 2016–2019)
Content Programs
Cardiology » Cleveland Clinic University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Yale University School of Medicine | Pulmonology » University of Colorado School of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center | Infectious Disease » Emory University |
Gastroenterology » Massachusetts General Hospital Brigham and Women’s Hospital | Endocrinology » Brigham and Women’s Hospital University of Chicago University of Colorado School of Medicine | Rheumatology » Brigham and Women’s Hospital |
Hematology » Stanford University Medical Center | Oncology » The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center | Nephrology/Urology » Mayo Clinic |
Neurology » Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine | Psychiatry » McLean Hospital | Dermatology » The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania |
Allergy/Immunology » University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics | Otolaryngology » Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary | OB/GYN » University of Maryland Medical Center University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine |
Ophthalmology » Wills Eye Institute | Pediatrics » Children’s Hospital of Colorado Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Hasbro Children’s Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems Vanderbilt University Washington University | Sports Medicine » University of Arizona, Department of Family and Community Medicine |
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Advisory Board Members
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Associate Professor, Ghent Family Medicine Residency Program
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Michael Coppolino, MD
Associate Internal Medicine Program Director
Critical Care Medicine
Kaiser Permanente San Francisco
Joao Ferreira, MD
University of Arizona Health Sciences
Assistant Professor, Medicine (Clinical Scholar Track)
Associate Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program – Tucson Campus
Charles W. Graeber, MD
Adjunct Assistant Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
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University of Central Florida, College of Medicine
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NCH Healthcare System Internal Medicine Residency
Affiliate of the Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and Science
Meredith Plant, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
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Pediatric Residency Program Director
Vice Chair of Education, Department of Pediatrics
Levine Children’s Hospital, Atrium Health
Salvatore P. Sparich, Jr., DO
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Geisinger Kistler Family Medicine Residency
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Family Medicine Program Director
SOVAH Health
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Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Complete List of Contributors by Specialty
Conflict of Interest Disclosures
NEJM Knowledge+ Internal Medicine Board Review
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NEJM Knowledge+ Family Medicine Board Review
NEJM Knowledge+ Pain Management and Opioids
Cardiology
Cleveland Clinic
Site Director
Benico Barzilai, MD
Contributors
Kia Afshar, MD
Justin M. Dunn, MD, MPH
Andrew L. Goodman, MD
James E. Lai, MD
Junyang Lou, MD, PhD
Michael D. McCulloch, MD
Parag R. Patel, MD
Marwa A. Sabe, MD
Todd Senn, MD
Brian Stegman, MD
Amanda Vest, MD
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Site Director
Amit Khera, MD, MSc
Contributors
Anish B. Bhatt, MD
Sonia Garg, MD
Hurst M. Hall, MD
Elizabeth A. Hardin, MD
Houman Khalili, MD
David Lofthus, MD
Phuong-Khanh J. Nguyen-Trong, MD
Andre Paixao, MD
Vishal Patel, MD
Vijay Raja, MD
Christopher Regan, MD
Monika Sanghavi, MD
Jainy Savla, MD
Yale University School of Medicine
Site Director
Parul U. Gandhi, MD
Contributors
Eric J. Brandt, MD
Virginia K., Workman, MD
Cesia Gallegos, MD
Pulmonology
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Site Director
Mark W. Geraci, MD
Contributors
Walter D. Conwell, MD
Silpa Dhoma, MD
Gregory A. Hickey, MD
Christine M. Lin, MD
Derek Linderman, MD
Madison Macht, MD
Susan K. Mathai, MD
Michael Mohning, MD
Steven Pugliese, MD
Jeffrey C. Robinson, MD
Marvin I. Schwarz, MD
Alexandra Smart, MD
George M. Solomon, MD
Peter Sottile, MD
Amanda Stream, MD
Andrew Waas, MD
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Site Director
Jennifer W. McCallister, MD
Contributors
Avraham Z. Cooper, MD
Megan Conroy, MD
Ryan Story, MD
Stephen Doyle, DO
Infectious Disease
Emory University
Site Director
Wendy S. Armstrong, MD
Contributors
Sol Aldrete, MD
Valeria Cantos, MD
Emily J. Cartwright, MD
Jonathan Colsanti, MD, MSPH
Cecile Delille, MD, MSc
Jessica Fairley, MD
Mary Foote, MD, MPH
Rachel Friedman-Moraco, MD
Emily P. Hyle, MD
Jesse T. Jacob, MD
Sheetal Kandiah, MD, MPH
Colleen F. Kelley, MD, MPH
Colleen S. Kraft, MD, MSc
Aneesh K. Mehta, MD
Andre Melendez, MD
Caitlyn Moran, MD, MSc
Varun K. Phadke, MD
Paulina Rebolledo, MD, MSc
Marcos Schechter, MD
Jennifer O. Spicer, MD, MPH
Jay B. Varkey, MD
Brian R. Wood, MD
Gastroenterology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Site Directors
Andrew T. Chan, MD
Daniel S. Pratt, MD
Contributors
Nitin K. Gupta, MD
Lindsay Y. King, MD
Gauree Gupta Konijeti, MD, MPH
Jay Luther, MD
Joanna M. Peloquin, MD
Ying Wu, MD
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Site Director
Molly Perencevich, MD
Contributors
Ahmad Najdat Bazarbashi, MD
Jennifer A. Inra, MD
Navin Kumar, MD
Andrew Storm, MD
Allison L. Yang, MD
Endocrinology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Site Director
Robert G. Dluhy, MD
Contributors
Tobin M. Abraham, MD
Adi Barlev-Ehrenberg, MD, MS
Anna L. Goldman, MD
Norra Kwong, MD
Eva S. Liu, MD
Chevon M. Rariy, MD
Amir Tirosh, MD, PhD
University of Chicago
Site Director
Meltem Zeytinoglu, MD
Contributors
Isabel Casimiro, MD, PhD
Laura T. Dickens, MD
Mizuho S. Mimoto, MD, PhD
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Site Director
Marc-Andre Cornier, MD
Contributor
David R. Saxon, MD
Rheumatology
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Site Director
Simon M. Helfgott, MD
Contributors
Fadi Badlissi, MD
Medha Barbhaiya, MD
Mollie Nicole Carruthers, MD
Candace H. Feldman, MD, MPH
Julia Ford, MD
Lydia Gedmintas, MD, MPH
Sicong Huang, MD
Eli Miloslavsky, MD
Jennifer Meara Nashel, MD
Erin H. Penn, MD, MS
Monica P. Ramirez, MD, MPH
Deepak A. Rao, MD, PhD
Naina Rastalsky, MD
Jeffrey A. Sparks, MD
Hematology
Stanford University Medical Center
Site Director
Jason Robert Gotlib, MD
Contributors
Oyebimpe Adesina, MD
Anosheh Afghahi, MD
Caroline Berube, MD
Rondeep S. Brar, MD
Steven Chan, MD
Shira Dinner, MD
Magali Fontaine, MD, PhD
Wan-Jen Hong, MD
David J. Iberri, MD
Brian A. Jonas, MD, PhD
Michael Khodadoust, MD, PhD
David Kurtz, MD
Lawrence Leung, MD
Lauren Maeda, MD
Beth A. Martin, MD
Everett Meyer, MD
Siddhartha Mitra, MD, PhD
Rupa Narayan, MD
David Nguyen, MD
Mary-Elizabeth Muchmore Percival, MD
Elie Richa, MD
Gabriel Rivera, MD
Stanley Schrier, MD
Alexander Ungewickell, MD, PhD
James L. Zehnder, MD
Oncology
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Site Director
Ahmed Eid, MD, MEd
Contributors
Carlos H. Barcenas, MD, MSc
Isabella C. Glitza, MD, PhD
Marc S. Hoffmann, MD
Sylvia Jaramillo, MD
Meghan S. Karuturi, MD
Syed Mohamman Ali Kazmi, MD
John Linford, MD
Marc Matrana, MD
Van Morris, MD
Sarah Mougalian, MD
Krina Patel, MD
Kanwal P. Raghav, MD
Ishwaria Subbiah, MD
Nizar M. Tannir, MD
Jennifer Wang, MD
Jeff Yorio, MD
Alex Zarzour, MD
Nephrology/Urology
Mayo Clinic
Site Director
Suzanne M. Norby, MD
Contributors
Hatem Amer, MD
Bhavna Chopra, MD
Mireille El Ters, MD
Ziad M. El-Zoghby, MD
Sandra M. Herrmann, MD
Musab S. Hommos, MD
Kianoush B. Kashani, MD
Mira T. Keddis, MD
Angela K. Muriithi, MD
Carlos R. Franco Palacios, MD
Qi Qian, MD
Michael Selby, MD
Leslie Thomas, MD
Ladan Zand, MD
Neurology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Site Directors
Peter W. Kaplan, MD
Emily L. Johnson, MD
Contributors
Brin Freund, MD
Charlene E. Gamaldo, MD
Lindsey Hayes, MD, PhD
Dalila W. Lewis, MD
Rafael H. Llinás, MD
Thomas E. Lloyd, MD, PhD
Zoltan Mari, MD
Elisabeth B. Marsh, MD
Abhay R. Moghekar, MD
Payam Mohassel, MD
Suraj Rajan, MBBS, MSc
Aruna Rao, MD
Jack Ratchford, MD, MSc
Jason Rosenberg, MD
Psychiatry
McLean Hospital
Site Director
Felicia Anne Smith, MD
Contributors
Gaston Baslet, MD
Eugene Victor Beresin, MD
Christina Brezing, MD
Stephanie Cincotta, MD
Jennifer Gatchel, MD, PhD
Alex S. Keuroghlian, MD, MSc
Rachel Ross, MD, PhD
Kathy Sanders, MD
Theodore Allan Stern, MD
John Taylor, MD, MBA
Oriana Vesga Lopez, MD
Joji Suzuki, MD
Heather Vestal, MD, MHS
Ying Wang, MD
Lazaro Zayas Jr., MD
Dermatology
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Site Director
Misha A. Rosenbach, MD
Contributors
Robert G. Micheletti, MD
Lisa K. Pappas-Taffer, MD
Evan W. Piette, MD
James R. Treat, MD
Kanade Shinkai, MD, PhD
Karolyn A. Wanat, MD
Allergy/Immunology
University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics
Site Director
James E. Gern, MD
Contributors
William Busse, MD
Daniel J. Jackson, MD
Sujani Kakumanu, MD
Robert F. Lemanske Jr., MD
Sameer K. Mathur, MD, PhD
Mark H. Moss, MD
Christine M. Seroogy, MD
Otolaryngology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Site Director
Stacey Tutt Gray, MD
Contributors
Megan M. Abbott, MD, MPH
Dunia Abdul-Aziz, MD
Margaret S. Carter, MD
Gillian Diercks, MD
Rebecca J. Hammon, MD
Elliott Kozin, MD
Aaron Remenschneider, MD, MPH
Daniel Roberts, MD, PhD
OB/GYN
University of Maryland Medical Center
Site Director
May Hsieh Blanchard, MD
Contributors
Kiranpreet K. Chawla, MD
Katrina S. Mark, MD
Vadim M. Morozov, MD
University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine
Site Director
Amanda Kost, MD
Contributors
Jeanne Cawse-Lucas, MD
David V. Evans, MD
Emily M. Godfrey, MD, MPH
Misbah Keen, MD
Pamela Pentin, MD
Jaqueline Raetz, MD
Richard Waters, MD
Ying Zhang, MD
Ophthalmology
Wills Eye Institute
Site Directors
Brad H. Feldman, MD
Sagun Pendse, MD
Contributors
David R. Lally, MD
Jared D. Peterson, MD
David A. Salz, MD
Adiel G. Smith, MD
Pain Management and Opioids
Soraya Azari, MD
Erica J. Bial, MD, MS
Patrick K. Cronin, MD
Amy L. Fitzpatrick, MD
Peter D. Friedmann, MD, MPH
Douglas L. Gourlay, MD, MSc
Ellie Grossman, MD, MPH
Scott E. Hadland, MD, MPH, MS
David B. Hathaway, MD
Jeoffrey Hill, MD
Janet J. Ho, MD, MPH
Mohammed A. Issa, MD
Amy J. Kennedy, MD
Stacy E. Melanson, MD, PhD
Karen A. O’Brien, MD
Christine Pace, MD
Daniel K. Partain, MD
Michael D. Perloff, MD, PhD
Cara Poland, MD, MEd
Shari S. Rogal, MD, MPH
Serena L. Roth, MD
Payel J. Roy, MD
Seddon R. Savage, MD, MS
Christine S. Soran, MD, MPH
Scott Steiger, MD
Jacob J. Strand, MD
Joji Suzuki, MD
David Tian, MD, MPP
Donald N.S. Unger, MFA, PhD
Lauren VanDam, MD
Sarah E. Wakeman, MD
Melissa B. Weimer, DO, MCR
Zoe M. Weinstein, MD, MS
Sports Medicine
University of Arizona, Department of Family and Community Medicine
Site Director
Holly Good McNulty, MD
Contributors
Sagir G. Bera, DO, MPH, MS
Allison Lane, MD
Daphne A. Scott, MD
Krista A. Sunderman, MD
Matthew A. Tennison, MD
Brett Toresdahl, MD
Anna Waterbrook, MD
Research/Statistics
Contributors
Krista M. Nottage, MBBS
Ken Wu, MBBS
Ahmad Zaheen, MD, MSc
Patient Safety
Site Director
James Song-Jeng Yeh, MD (Brigham and Women’s Hospital)
Contributors
Kate E. Humphrey, MD (Boston Children’s Hospital)
Jeffrey Bruckel, MD (Massachusetts General Hospital)
Julie Fu, MD, MA (Boston Medical Center)
Kiran Gupta, MD (Brigham and Women’s Hospital)
Michelle P. Lin, MD, MPH (Brigham and Women’s Hospital)
Sonali Saluja, MD (Cambridge Health Alliance)
General Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine
Site Director
Curtis A. Wright, MD
Contributors
James M. Hotz, MD
Archana M. Mahankali, MD
Joshua D. Pinner, MD
Allyson Thomas, MD
Pediatrics
Children’s Hospital Colorado
Site Director
Scott R. Auerbach, MD
Contributors
Daniel E. Ehrmann, MD, MS
Dana Irrer, MD
Amanda McIntosh, MD
Melissa Wehrmann, MD
Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
Site Director
Mary Spiciarich, MD
Contributors
Cristina Fernandez-Carbonell, MD
Daniel Noam Lax, MD
Bridget A. Leone, MD
Isaac A. Molinero, MD
Mohamad Saifeddine, MD
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Site Directors
Jeanine C. Ronan, MD
Rebecca Tenney-Soeiro, MD
Contributors
Adelaide E. Barnes, MD
Maya Lynn Dewan, MD, MPH
Caitlin W. Elgarten, MD
Nina A. Fainberg, MD
Rebecca D. Ganetzky, MD
Dylan Graetz, MD, MPH
Nicole Hames, MD
Joelle B. Karlik, MD
Chén C. Kenyon, MD, MSHP
Marissa J. Kilberg, MD
Emilie R. Korn, MD
Pamela Mazzeo, MD
Christina McClam, MD
Susan E. McClory, MD, PhD
Erika J. Mejia, MD
Elana B. Mitchel, MD
Evan William Orenstein, MD
Erin Pete Devon, MD
Stacey R. Rose, MD
Jennifer Salant, MD
Eloise Salmon, MD
Margarita Sergonis, MD
Levon H. Utidjian, MD
Nicole R. Washington, MD
Anna K. Weiss, MD, MSc
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Site Director
Jennifer Lynn Huggins, MD
Contributors
Khalid Abulaban, MD
Armand Antommaria, MD, PhD
Stefanie Woolridge Benoit, MD
Kate E. Berz, DO
Michal Feldon, MD
Barbara E. Hallinan, MD, PhD
Sophia Hufnagel, MD
Melissa Jimenez, MD
Jordan Jones, DO
Oriaku A. Kas-Osoka, MD
Kelsey Logan, MD, MPH
Ernest Pedapati, MD
Kirsten Simonton, MD
Rachel M. Thienprayoon, MD
Denise Warrick, MD
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Site Directors
Lauren Allister, MD
Michael Herzlinger, MD
Lisa Swartz Topor, MD, MMSc
Contributors
Dyadin Esharif, MD
Meghan E. Fredette, MD
Natasha Gill, MD
Juanita K. Hodax, MD
Julie Leviter, MD
Laura Mercurio, MD
Muhammad Safwan Riaz, MD
Sakina H. Sojar, MD
Hoi See Tsao, MD
Massachusetts General Hospital
Site Directors
Michael R. Flaherty, DO
Kevin S. Gipson, MD
Christopher J. Moran, MD
Benjamin A. Nelson, MD
Contributors
Awab Ali Ibrahim, MD
Ryan Carroll, MD, MPH
Michelle L. Chiu, MD
Brian M. Cummings, MD
Carlos I. Duran, MD
Chadi M. El Saleeby, MD, MS
Kelly J. Gardner, MD MEd
Nina L. Gluchowski, MD
Monica Hajirawala, MD
Sarah Hendrickson, MD
Ann Y. Kao, MD, MPH
Thomas B. Kinane, MD
Katherine L. Olshan, MD
Meryl K. Perlman, MD
Stephanie Ruest, MD
Takara Stanley, MD
Jeffrey Sumner, MD
Avram Z. Traum, MD
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Site Director
Justin Baker, MD
Contributors
Kari L. Bjornard, MD, MPH
Lindsay Blazin, MD
Stephanie B. Dixon, MD
Jessica A. Gartrell, MD
Dylan Graetz, MD, MPH
Akshay Sharma, MBBS
Michael Terao, MD
University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems
Site Directors
Heather L. Burrows, MD, PhD
Namita Sachdev, MD
Contributors
Mark N. Hakim, MD
Amy E. Hepper, MD
Sharon Kileny, MD
Debra M. Langlois, MD
John Schmidt, MD
Maria S. Skoczylas, MD
Vanderbilt University
Site Director
Sandra A. Moutsios, MD
Contributors
Cassandra C. Brady, MD
Whitney L. Browning, MD
Alaina M. Davis, MD
Maie El-Sourady, MD, MS
Cristina M. Estrada, MD
Geoffrey M. Fleming, MD
Maria Gillam-Krakauer, MD
Jennifer K. Green, MD, MPH
Tiffany Hines, MD
Ashley Rowatt Karpinos, MD, MPH
Jaime Kaye Otillio, MD
Devang J. Pastakia, MD
Mary E. Romano, MD, MPH
Cosby A. Stone, Jr., MD, MPH
Washington University
Site Director
Andrew J. White, MD
Contributors
Tara C. Copper, MD, MS
Michele M. Estabrook, MD
Sarah K. Garwood, MD
Elizabeth Harrison, MD
Carrie A. Nalisnick, MD
Erin Marie O’Brien, MD
Cassandra Pruitt, MD
Patrick J. Reich, MD